Energy Consumption and Human Development in South Africa: Empirical Evidence from Disaggregated Data

Abstract This study investigated the impact of energy consumption on human development in South Africa, using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The used disaggregated measures namely: oil products consumption; electricity renewable natural gas; coal and lignite; total at an aggregate level. Human Development Index (HDI) was as a measure development. By employing autoregressive distributed lag bounds test cointegration error correction model, found be positive short run when proxy, but insignificant long run. When products, gas were proxies for energy, negative confirmed run, while electricity, lignite confirmed, irrespective time frame considered. results revealed that is not big enough offset other sources. suggests Africa has continue expand if realized.